Battle of Maling

The Battle of Maling was conducted in Maling, currently Dazhangjia Town , Shen County , , in 342 BC during the Warring States Period. The combatants were the state of , who fought on behalf of state of , and the state of . This battle is well recorded in history texts and is famous for the tactics of Sun Bin, known as the Tactic of Missing Stoves, in which the enemy is led to underestimate the enemy by creating an illusion of a soldiers running away from the army.

Pang Juan, commander of , was lured to a narrow pass at night, where his army was ambushed by 10,000 archers of . Pang Juan committed suicide, and Wei was defeated. The power of Wei was decreased significantly, making it unable to compete for Kingship of the Zhou Dynasty.

In 342 BC, the state of Wei attacked the state of , and Han turned to Qi for help. Sun Bin advised to provide military aid for Han, but only send out troops when the army of Wei has been depleted after prolonged fighting in order to preserve their own strength while garnering respect from Han.

Han was mislead to believe that they could rely on the army of their ally, Qi, and thus fought without reserve. After a year of resistance, Han was no longer able to resist, and asked for help from Qi a second time. Instead of sending troops to save Han directly, Sun Bin suggested to aim for the capital of Wei, Daliang.

When King Hui of Wei learned of the attack, he had to order Pang Juan, general of Wei, to retreat in order to defend against the oncoming army of Qi. Pang Juan was incensed at the news, because he was only days away from taking the capital of Han. King Hui of Wei appointed Prince Shen of Wei as Chief commander and Pang Juan as commander, and ordered an army of 100,000 to mobilize against Qi.

Learning from the Battle of Guiling, Pang Juan ordered his troops to go around the Qi troops, to avoid getting ambushed in the main path. Pang Juan also ordered his troops to make haste to the capital, before Qi can set up any effective ambushes. Instead of rushing and trying to ambush the high morale Wei troops, Sun Bin decided to let a great majority of his troops rest. These Qi troops were ordered to slowly move back into Qi and prepare equipments for an ambush when needed. Sun bin took a smaller force to face Pang Juan. Once the two forces draws close to each other, Sun Bin immediately ordered a retreat.

In order to mislead his enemy, Sun Bin ordered his soldiers to make less stoves day by day. On the first day, Qi had stoves enough for 100,000 people; on the second day, there were only stoves for 50,000 people. On the third day, there were only stoves for an army of 20,000. As Pang Juan saw this, he judged that the soldiers of Qi were deserting their army and decided to pursue the Qi army with a small elite cavalry. This small elite cavalry, with their recent victory in Han, was over confident. As Qi retreated into their own territory, Sun Bin ordered his troops to abandon some of their heavy artillery. This further gave the impression of a state of confusion amongst the Qi army. As Qi arrived at Maling, Sun Bin noticed a heavily wooded and narrow pass that could be used for ambush. Estimating the arrival of Pang Juan around nightfall, he ordered to have a tree cut down, its bark removed, and the words "Pang Juan shall die in Malingdao, under this tree" carved, which was a proverb spoken by the teacher of both Sun Bin and Pang Juan .

Pang Juan had moved to Malingdao, and when he saw the sign, he paid no attention to it, instead ordering the words to be scraped off, and the army advance. Suddenly, a flush of Qi troops had surrounded the Wei. In the darkness, Qi archers managed to shoot down many of the Wei soldiers, before the rest of soldiers charged in. The Wei troops did not expect that Qi still had so many troops under their command, and were quickly overran. Pang Juan, sensing his end was near, committed suicide. In some versions, Pang Juan was among the first of his troops to be shot to death.

Even though it was Pang Juan whom had tricked Sun Bin and maimed him by removing his knee caps, Sun Bin felt very sad to see his former classmate dead. He had hoped they would make their relationship better after the battle.

After the death of Pang Juan, Prince Shen was captured by Qi. The power of the state of Wei decreased considerably after this battle.